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Deleted
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Post by Deleted on Oct 13, 2018 11:12:08 GMT
The researchers wish to understand how the Yamnaya migrated to Europe and how the arrival of a new culture changed an entire continent.
How many people actually arrived? Taking the scale of the changes, some estimates range in the millions, but according to Volker Heyd, the number of people representing the Yamnaya culture in southeast Europe was around several ten thousands. It is indeed remarkable how such a relatively small group of people has had such a significant and far-reaching impact on Europe.
The Yamnaya also brought with them new cultural and social norms that have had far-reaching consequences. For instance, patriarchy and monogamy seems to be part of the Yamnaya legacy. Another established theory speculates that marriages made women migrate and travel even across great distances.
In accordance with primogeniture, the first-born son of the family inherited his parents’ possessions, while the younger siblings had to make their own way through other means. Among other things, this practice guaranteed ample human resources for the legions of the Roman Empire, which enabled its establishment and expansion, and later filled the ranks of medieval monasteries across Europe.
Another interesting question is what made representatives of the Yamnaya culture migrate from the eastern European steppes to the west. Heyd believes that the underlying reason may have been climate change. The Yamnaya were almost exclusively dependent on animal husbandry. As the climate changed – when rainfalls decreased in the east – they may have been forced to migrate west to secure the welfare of their cattle.
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Deleted
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Post by Deleted on Oct 13, 2018 11:13:55 GMT
Also, the transition from hunter gatherer to farming was brought by steppe people, and finland has on the highest yamnaya contribution
In the Baltic, Jones et al. (2017) found that the Neolithic transition – the passage from a hunter-gatherer economy to a farming-based economy – coincided with the arrival en masse of individuals with Yamnaya-like ancestry. This is different from what happened in Western and Southern Europe, where the Neolithic transition was caused by a population which came from the Near East, with Pontic steppe ancestry only being detected from the late Neolithic onward.[33]
Per Haak et al. (2015), the Yamnaya contribution in the modern populations of Eastern Europe ranges from 46.8–64.9% among Russians to 42.8% in Ukrainians. Finland has one of the highest Yamnaya contributions in all of Europe (50.4–67.8%).[34]
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Post by Deleted on Oct 13, 2018 11:16:37 GMT
Skoljdor chronciled that his ancestor, odin, came from asia, while other reference claim he came from finland, and finland have highest contribution of yamnaya across entire europe. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%B6ldr?fbclid=IwAR2PPhAGQpervLgPBQrFcwTignG9lNZUV08xrG-p_0OusIHxz1kxC7WH4yIIn the Skjöldunga saga and the Ynglinga saga, Odin came from Asia (Scythia) and conquered Northern Europe. He gave Sweden to his son Yngvi and Denmark to his son Skjöldr. Since then the kings of Sweden were called Ynglings and those of Denmark Skjöldungs. |
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Post by Deleted on Oct 13, 2018 11:19:31 GMT
The claim is also backed by Snorri Sturluson, where aesir are men from asia, and odin was remote descendant of Thor. Marvel has made mish mash of the culture of indo europeans, actually, where thor is portrayed as son of odin.
In the prologue to his Prose Edda, Snorri Sturluson euhemerises Thor as a prince of Troy, and the son of king Memnon by Troana, a daughter of Priam. Thor, also known as Tror, is said to have married the prophetess Sibyl (identified with Sif). Thor is further said here to have been raised in Thrace by a chieftain named Lorikus, whom he later slew to assume the title of "King of Thrace", to have had hair "fairer than gold", and to have been strong enough to lift ten bearskins.
The name of the æsir is explained as "men from Asia," Asgard being the "Asian city" (i.e., Troy). Alternatively, Troy is in Tyrkland (Turkey, i.e., Asia Minor), and Asialand is Scythia, where Thor founded a new city named Asgard. Odin is a remote descendant of Thor, removed by twelve generations, who led an expedition across Germany, Denmark and Sweden to Norway.
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Post by Διαμονδ on Oct 14, 2018 12:34:14 GMT
Also, the transition from hunter gatherer to farming was brought by steppe people, and finland has on the highest yamnaya contribution In the Baltic, Jones et al. (2017) found that the Neolithic transition – the passage from a hunter-gatherer economy to a farming-based economy – coincided with the arrival en masse of individuals with Yamnaya-like ancestry. This is different from what happened in Western and Southern Europe, where the Neolithic transition was caused by a population which came from the Near East, with Pontic steppe ancestry only being detected from the late Neolithic onward.[33]
Per Haak et al. (2015), the Yamnaya contribution in the modern populations of Eastern Europe ranges from 46.8–64.9% among Russians to 42.8% in Ukrainians. Finland has one of the highest Yamnaya contributions in all of Europe (50.4–67.8%).[34]
The hunter-gatherer from Karelia could only be assigned to haplogroup R1a1... Thus, it can be designated as belonging to haplogroup R1a1*(xR1a1a) and it occupied a basal position to the vast majority of modern Eurasian R1a-related Y-chromosomes... Overall, our detection of haplogroup R1a1 in a northwest Russian hunter-gatherer establishes the early presence of this lineage in eastern Europe, and is consistent with a later migration from eastern Europe into central Europe which contributed such haplogroups to the Corded Ware population.
The hunter-gatherer from Samara belonged to haplogroup R1b1... However, he was ancestral for both the downstream haplogroup R1b1a1 and R1b1a2 and could be designated as R1b1*(xR1b1a1, R1b1a2). Thus, this individual was basal to most west Eurasian R1b individuals which belong to the R-M269 lineage as well as to the related R-M73/M478 lineage that has a predominantly non-European distribution. The occurrence of chromosomes basal to the most prevalent lineages within haplogroups R1a and R1b in eastern European hunter-gatherers, together with the finding of basal haplogroup R* in the ~24,000-year old Mal’ta boy suggests the possibility that some of the differentiation of lineages within haplogroup R occurred in north Eurasia... Irrespective of the more ancient origins of this group of lineages, the occurrence of basal forms of R1a and R1b in eastern European hunter-gatherers provide a geographically plausible source for these lineages in later Europeans where both lineages are prevalent.
Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
By extending our model to a three way mixture of WHG, Early Neolithic and Yamnaya, we estimate that the ancestry of the Corded Ware was 79% Yamnaya-like, 4% WHG, and 17% Early Neolithic. A small contribution of the first farmers is also consistent with uniparentally inherited DNA: e.g. mitochondrial DNA haplogroup N1a and Y chromosome haplogroup G2a, common in early central European farmers, almost disappear during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, when they are largely replaced by Y haplogroups R1a and R1b and mtDNA haplogroups I, T1, U2, U4, U5a, W, and subtypes of H. The uniparental data not only confirm a link to the steppe populations but also suggest that both sexes participated in the migrations. The magnitude of the population turnover that occurred becomes even more evident if one considers the fact that the steppe migrants may well have mixed with eastern European agriculturalists on their way to central Europe. Thus, we cannot exclude a scenario in which the Corded Ware arriving in today’s Germany had no ancestry at all from local populations.
Our study shows that a later major turnover did occur, and that steppe migrants replaced ~3/4 of the ancestry of central Europeans. An alternative theory is the “Steppe hypothesis”, which proposes that early Indo-European speakers were pastoralists of the grasslands north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and that their languages spread into Europe after the invention of wheeled vehicles. Our results make a compelling case for the steppe as a source of at least some of the Indo-European languages in Europe by documenting a massive migration ~4,500 years ago associated with the Yamnaya and Corded Ware cultures, which are identified by proponents of the Steppe hypothesis as vectors for the spread of Indo-European languages into Europe.
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Post by Διαμονδ on Oct 14, 2018 12:36:55 GMT
The genetic distance of the population of the corded ware culture to modern populations. The second map is from the pit culture.
Author-O. p. Balanovsky, doctor of biological Sciences, head of the laboratory of genomic geography, Institute of General genetics, RAS.
To Corded ware 1 were closest Scandinavians (including Danes) and the British, some Russian, Dutch, Czechs, southern Poles, Hungarians.
To Yamna culture 2 - Russian. 
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Post by Διαμονδ on Oct 14, 2018 12:44:17 GMT
Distribution "Yamnaya" genetic component of the population of Europe (the data for the Haak 2015). The color intensity corresponds to the contribution of this component to different modern populations. The interval scale is given at the top left. Symbols: a-the boundaries of the Yamnaya culture; b - the direction of migration, postulated by supporters of terrestrial origin of Indo-Europeans of Europe; c-the direction of movement of the " Yamnaya " component in accordance with the gradient of the presented distribution (map is made By O. p. Balanovsky).
P.S Yamnaya - translated into English means pit! 
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Post by Διαμονδ on Oct 14, 2018 12:48:41 GMT
Reconstruction of the people of the Yamnaya culture..approximate racial type Nordic + CRO-magnon:     
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Deleted
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Post by Deleted on Oct 14, 2018 13:29:50 GMT
i already got some hint, that the steppe people were nordic, archaic nordid types, because, it were the battle axe culture people, who are aryans, actually.
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