Post by Διαμονδ on Oct 23, 2017 22:51:06 GMT
Doctor of Biol. Sciences, Professor E. V. Balanovskaya about Haplogroups
"Haplogroup combines DNA-variants with a common ancestor with a specific substitution in a specific DNA segment. Haplogroups are like a happy exception to the General genomic rules. This exception and fixed in the word "haplogroup".
First, about the "haplo".
All human chromosome pairs, and each pair of chromosomes intensively exchanging DNA fragments with each other. So after a fairly short time cannot be traced, and from which line came the mutation from grandparents or aunts: genes from different lines have already been shuffled, like cards in the deck. And happy (reconstruction of history) the exception to this rule is only one chromosome only the Y chromosome that determines human gender male and passed only through the male line: "All the girls with the boys, I'm the only one". Hence there is "haplo" in the term "haplogroup"- signifying the loneliness of the Y chromosome, its nearest.
Now, about the "group".
Because the Y chromosome is no one with whom to exchange genes, it is always possible to identify all mutations that had accumulated in this man from all his ancestors up to the genetic "Adam". Therefore, the set of individual mutations of the Y chromosome of every man call him a "haplotype". And all of the Y chromosome of all the descendants of a distant ancestor, from whom the mutation occurred, already combined in a "haplogroup". Belonging to this haplogroup is determined by this mutation, which is present in all offspring inherited them from a common ancestor. This ancestor-founder of haplogroup could live a hundred thousand years ago, and a closer common ancestor ten thousand years ago, and the next common ancestor a thousand years ago. And all their mutations recorded in the haplotypes of the descendants. Therefore, all mutations of the Y chromosome present in the form of the tree, where the thickest branch is the most ancient haplogroup, the most delicate twigs of newly emerging haplogroup, and the leaves of the tree are individual haplotypes. And according to Your individual haplotype we can trace the history of Your men's line in time and in space (his father — his father - his father and so on until the genetic Adam). But, of course, only if we will be able to say something, if you learn to do this, the gene pools of all peoples of the world and correctly determine the composition of their haplogroups. We find out where he probably lived Your ancestors. And the accuracy of our story will depend on how well and how thoroughly we have studied the gene pool of the peoples of the world (present and ancient).
Thus, if the mutation was a "failure" is harmful to man, he would not have left many descendants – this mutation will soon be gone. Disappear, of course, by chance and harmless mutations: for example, in the offspring were only girls. Then the men's line is interrupted, the descendants of no.
It is worth to add that there is another happy exception to the rule: according to it, we can trace a female line back to genetic eve. This charge is not a chromosome, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It is a small ring molecule lives outside the cell nucleus — in its "energy stations", the mitochondria. Of course, the mitochondria have men, only to pass them on to posterity of a man may not: the sperm mitochondria, and discards all unnecessary to penetrate the egg. Therefore transmitted in the mtDNA generations only through the female line, from mothers through daughters to their daughters, and their, etc. If the offspring were girls, the accumulated mutations will disrupt your path. And each set of individual mtDNA mutations is also called a haplotype, and the group of children with typical mutation – the same haplogroup. And in the same way as for the Y chromosome, build a phylogenetic tree of haplogroups – but through the female line, to a genetic "eve."
So men may know their haplogroup, and their ancestors in both lines – and men (because they have a Y chromosome) and female (because they have mtDNA). But women can determine haplogroup and their ancestry only through the female line. And that is why the expeditions we collect for each of the people a sample of only men – to be able to study all the lines and all sides of the gene pool of a population."
Doctor of Biol. Sciences, Professor E. V. Balanovskaya
"Haplogroup combines DNA-variants with a common ancestor with a specific substitution in a specific DNA segment. Haplogroups are like a happy exception to the General genomic rules. This exception and fixed in the word "haplogroup".
First, about the "haplo".
All human chromosome pairs, and each pair of chromosomes intensively exchanging DNA fragments with each other. So after a fairly short time cannot be traced, and from which line came the mutation from grandparents or aunts: genes from different lines have already been shuffled, like cards in the deck. And happy (reconstruction of history) the exception to this rule is only one chromosome only the Y chromosome that determines human gender male and passed only through the male line: "All the girls with the boys, I'm the only one". Hence there is "haplo" in the term "haplogroup"- signifying the loneliness of the Y chromosome, its nearest.
Now, about the "group".
Because the Y chromosome is no one with whom to exchange genes, it is always possible to identify all mutations that had accumulated in this man from all his ancestors up to the genetic "Adam". Therefore, the set of individual mutations of the Y chromosome of every man call him a "haplotype". And all of the Y chromosome of all the descendants of a distant ancestor, from whom the mutation occurred, already combined in a "haplogroup". Belonging to this haplogroup is determined by this mutation, which is present in all offspring inherited them from a common ancestor. This ancestor-founder of haplogroup could live a hundred thousand years ago, and a closer common ancestor ten thousand years ago, and the next common ancestor a thousand years ago. And all their mutations recorded in the haplotypes of the descendants. Therefore, all mutations of the Y chromosome present in the form of the tree, where the thickest branch is the most ancient haplogroup, the most delicate twigs of newly emerging haplogroup, and the leaves of the tree are individual haplotypes. And according to Your individual haplotype we can trace the history of Your men's line in time and in space (his father — his father - his father and so on until the genetic Adam). But, of course, only if we will be able to say something, if you learn to do this, the gene pools of all peoples of the world and correctly determine the composition of their haplogroups. We find out where he probably lived Your ancestors. And the accuracy of our story will depend on how well and how thoroughly we have studied the gene pool of the peoples of the world (present and ancient).
Thus, if the mutation was a "failure" is harmful to man, he would not have left many descendants – this mutation will soon be gone. Disappear, of course, by chance and harmless mutations: for example, in the offspring were only girls. Then the men's line is interrupted, the descendants of no.
It is worth to add that there is another happy exception to the rule: according to it, we can trace a female line back to genetic eve. This charge is not a chromosome, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It is a small ring molecule lives outside the cell nucleus — in its "energy stations", the mitochondria. Of course, the mitochondria have men, only to pass them on to posterity of a man may not: the sperm mitochondria, and discards all unnecessary to penetrate the egg. Therefore transmitted in the mtDNA generations only through the female line, from mothers through daughters to their daughters, and their, etc. If the offspring were girls, the accumulated mutations will disrupt your path. And each set of individual mtDNA mutations is also called a haplotype, and the group of children with typical mutation – the same haplogroup. And in the same way as for the Y chromosome, build a phylogenetic tree of haplogroups – but through the female line, to a genetic "eve."
So men may know their haplogroup, and their ancestors in both lines – and men (because they have a Y chromosome) and female (because they have mtDNA). But women can determine haplogroup and their ancestry only through the female line. And that is why the expeditions we collect for each of the people a sample of only men – to be able to study all the lines and all sides of the gene pool of a population."
Doctor of Biol. Sciences, Professor E. V. Balanovskaya
