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Post by Eugene 2.0 on Aug 21, 2023 13:15:50 GMT
This is an old, one but it's rational nutshell. No one has solved it up today. This one reminds of the Socrates's one, when the philosopher said: "All I know that I know nothing".
The paradox is told usually logical, with epistemic and modal operators:
Alphabet: p, q – is certain propositions that are either true, or false K – modal operator for knowledge; means "Kp = a person knows p" or "p is known" ♦ - modal operator for possibility; means "♦p = p is possible"
Axioms: 1. Kp → p 2. K(p & q) → (Kp & Kq) 3. p → ♦Kp
2nd is easy, it means to distribute the operator K, so it's algebraic; 1st is "if we know p, then p must be true" (otherwise, this isn't knowledge) 3rd is an epistemic principle means "if there's a true knowledge, it's possible for us to find it".
Then let's try to entail something from a phrase
p & ~Kp
which means "there's a knowledge, yet we don't know it. It's a coherent statement, since we still don't know every true facts. Applying 3:
♦K(p & ~Kp)
and then use 2:
♦(Kp & K~Kp)
transforming K~Kp into ~Kp using 1:
♦(Kp & ~Kp)
that reads: "it's possible to know and not to know p at the same time".
Later changes won't bring results, because the sequence and logic behind these proof is correct.
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