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Post by joustos on Oct 1, 2020 22:24:45 GMT
Page 1
On different days, weather and health permitting, I am going to write a tract (small treatise) about the field of study or investigation called "Logology" (= the study of Discourse or Speeches). What I call Philology used to be called, on occasions, Philology, and it was believed that the divine Hermes was the father of Philology or the first philologist (and the father of instrumental music, succeeded in music by the divine Apollo). {Notice how I have been packing information and realize that you are doing philology. This speaking/writing style of mine is not poetic and is not pleasant.} I have never taken courses in linguistics or etymology. So, I will not regurgitate things I learned formally. However, for years I have been doing etymology of words of many languages such as my native language, Anglo-Saxon (Old English), Basque, Eblaite (Canaanitic Syriac), and obscure Etruscan (which I translated -- made clear -- by doing the etymology of many of its words). What is an etymology and how is it done? This is one thing I will discuss and exemplify, so that some readers can become apprendices of the art of etymology and practise it for their native language, if so they wish.
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Post by joustos on Dec 2, 2020 22:44:06 GMT
Page 45 substantive continuation of Page 44
AETIOLOGY < Gr. Aitiologia = a giving of causes, < Aitia, one of whose meanings, the philosophical one, is Cause. // Aitiologie = the art of inquiring into causes. Here I am using the word Aetiology in the sense of searching for or investigating the basis of some phenomenon or some human artifact. More specifically, in linguistics, I am referring TO the fact that the earliest Greek writing (phonetic in nature) was of vowels and syllables; TO the circumstances in which words or names were coined (and then socially used for some purpose or other); TO the alleged fact that the earliest names were of visible or tangible things, affective events, processes, and possibly of what was done by humans in the world of physical (visible and tangible) things; and TO the (unknown) things that were used for pictographic and alphabetical writing. Thus any aetiology involves investigations and the mental reconstruction of the basis of the object under consideration. One chapter of my work on the Indo-European languages is devoted to the aetiology of the Greek alphabet, as I asked myself, What was the sensory source of the alphabetical letters? Presently I will say only that the earliest Greek writing (phonetic in nature) was of vowels and syllables, for singing, ever since Greek singing, is done of vowels and syllables rather than of entire words. [E.g., in English: "Oh/don't/for/get/me/O/my/dar/ling/on/...] Then they used the (written) symbols of vowels and syllables to represent the phonemes (simple sounds; tones) of the language, except for a couple of the alphabetical letters -- which makes it extremely difficult to discover the physical bases (presumably already named) of the scripts. The search goes on. The names of the alphabetical letters (Alpha, Beta, etc.) are such that their first letter (A, B, etc.) sounds like the phonemes they represent; they themselves need to be explained. They are not Hebrew words, as some people have supposed; nor are the letters Phoenician, as most people keep on saying from hearsay.
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Post by joustos on Dec 3, 2020 16:11:01 GMT
Page 45 continuation of Page 44
Etymology (< Gr.Etymologia), as I already explained, originally meant the search for the original meaning of certain obscure ethnic names/words which were in use, such as the name of the god Apollon. (The name "Apollon" denoted/designated a god about whom there were various myths, but since this name was not a common noun -- the way "Guardian" or "Musician" is -- the specific meaning of that name was lost in the course of centuries or millennia. That is why Plato looked into myths to see whether they provided a clue for the meaning of the name in question. //
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Post by joustos on Dec 3, 2020 20:25:29 GMT
Page 46 Page 45 continuation of Page 44
Etymology (< Gr.Etymologia), as I already explained, originally meant the search for the original meaning of certain obscure ethnic names/words which were in use, such as the name of the god Apollon. (The name "Apollon" denoted/designated a god about whom there were various myths, but since this name was not a common noun -- the way "Guardian" or "Musician" is -- the specific meaning of that name was lost in the course of centuries or millennia. That is why Plato looked into myths to see whether they provided a clue for the meaning of the name in question. // {addition:} In modern times, "etymology" has practically meant the search for ancient words from which the words of a modern language derive, on the assumption that the modern (presently spoken) languages are not primordial, that is, not created, in their entirety, recently. [Thus, when a glottologist studies a language, he may find that most of its words are derived from an ancient language or languages, that some of its words have been borrowed/adopted from some contemporaneous language, and that some words have been created/coined by the speakers of their ethnic language. English, for example, has a huge vocabulary that consists of Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) words, Norman (Old French, from Latin) words, Bryttonic/British words, Latin words from the times Julius Caesar occupied Great Britain, and a flood of neologisms (pertaining to science, mathematics, and technology) since the 17th century.] More generally, today's etymology of a word comprises its definition and some equivalents in other ethnic languages, its source and history, and usage (literal, metaphorical, generic, etc.), to whatever extent this is possible -- as in Etymological Dictionaries.
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Post by joustos on Dec 4, 2020 0:49:44 GMT
Page 47 Inflected Words
The words of Indo-European languages, especially the ancient ones (such as Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Gothic), are typically inflected; that is, a basic word or name is altered in order to express singularity or plurality; topographic relationships between things; present, past, or future activity; factuality or wish; manners of activities; and much more. (Thus the investigation of a language is an indirect investigation of the intuitive mind or intelligence of its makers.) On the contrary, some other ancient languages are not inflective and are called agglunitative, yet they use some linguistic devices to express some of the modalities I have mentioned and have in mind. A Latin example of inflected words: "Puella pulchra flores amat. Puer amat puellam et puellae florem donabit"; that is, "A beautiful girl loves flowers. A boy loves the girl and will give a flower to the girl". The basic word Puella becomes Puellam when she is the object of somebody's love or hate or beating; and it becomes Pullae when she is that TO whom something is given. In English, the word "Girl" remains unchanged, and prepositions (To, Of or 's, Toward, etc.) are used instead of in any way modifying the end-part of the word "Girl". The basic Latin word "don-" (which connotes gift; giving, and the like) has two modifications: "-ab- (which denotes a future time, and "-it" which denotes that a third person, a HE or a SHE, will be performing an activity). A Basic Word is also called the Root of many words, such as AM- > am-or (love), am-icus (Friend), am-o (I love), am-at (he/sheloves), amabilis (loveable), am-anda ( a she To Be Loved), etc. A root provides the basic meaning/sense of the word in which it is found, and is called ETYMON in Greek. Hence etymology is the search for the meaning of words. Medieval logicians called an etymon a "categorematic term", whereas any inflection of a word was called a "syn-categorematic term". Good!
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Post by joustos on Dec 5, 2020 18:10:29 GMT
Page 46 Prosopopoeia and ………………… Years ago, while trying to reconstruct some mental activities of primitive (or "paleolithic") humans, at least some primitive European humans -- in view of their theism etc. -- I made and wrote about two anthropological observations/views: (1) Their personification of huge things and affective events (and, in terms of our own thinking and language, occult causes of diseases and sudden personal disasters). As I have already explained in this thread, personification is what the ancient Greeks called Prosopopoeia. (2) Their occasional identification of things, especially animals of the same kind and even more specifically, animals which have the same appearence, size, etc. --for which there does not yet exist a single word. Yesterday I had occasion to mention this phenomenon in another thread, where I said that when humans, for example, killed a lion, and later on they saw a similar lion coming toward them, they thought that this was one and the same lion that they had killed; they thought that the lion returned or re-appeared -- even though this mode of thinking or conceiving is irrational to us. They also saw that the periodical blooming of grain-plants and flowers was a return of Spring or, in the Eleusinian myth, the return of Kore, from the wintry Hades (where she was Queen Persephone). Human immortality was procured by ingesting her body [bread] and the blood/wine of Dionysos, Zeus' son (as in the later Christian Eucharistic Banquet). --- Greek has "one and the same": Heis kai autos; Heis kai Homios; Hen kai Homios. Hence, I coin: Homio-Heno-Poeia for the identification in question, the uni-fication of similars. {Some Christians first personified the Mind and the Breath of God [Yahweh] and then they declared that the three divine persons, equal in divinity, are ONE divine substance. The human primitive mind is never obliterated.}
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Post by joustos on Apr 23, 2021 15:14:54 GMT
Page 47B Uni-fication was literally translated into ancient Greek (on Page 46) as "-heno-popeia", since Gr. Hen = one, the neutral form of the adjective "Eis, Mia, Hen" or the counting number. However, I have not found my coined term in Greek Dictionaries and is thus a suspect coinage. Going from It. "Unificare" (= To Unify") to classical Greek in the online Olivetti "Italiano-Greco Classico" Dizionario, I found "kathen poieo" that is, kat' hen (< kata hen...) So, I rather replace my coinage by "-kathenpoesis" or "-kathenpoeia" (by analogy with "Prosopopeia"). Yes, the Chinese pandemic/plague is still raging...
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Post by Eugene 2.0 on Apr 23, 2021 17:27:46 GMT
Is this your book?
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Post by thesageofmainstreet on Apr 23, 2021 18:50:14 GMT
Page 46 Prosopopoeia and ………………… Years ago, while trying to reconstruct some mental activities of primitive (or "paleolithic") humans, at least some primitive European humans -- in view of their theism etc. -- I made and wrote about two anthropological observations/views: (1) Their personification of huge things and affective events (and, in terms of our own thinking and language, occult causes of diseases and sudden personal disasters). As I have already explained in this thread, personification is what the ancient Greeks called Prosopopoeia. (2) Their occasional identification of things, especially animals of the same kind and even more specifically, animals which have the same appearence, size, etc. --for which there does not yet exist a single word. Yesterday I had occasion to mention this phenomenon in another thread, where I said that when humans, for example, killed a lion, and later on they saw a similar lion coming toward them, they thought that this was one and the same lion that they had killed; they thought that the lion returned or re-appeared -- even though this mode of thinking or conceiving is irrational to us. They also saw that the periodical blooming of grain-plants and flowers was a return of Spring or, in the Eleusinian myth, the return of Kore, from the wintry Hades (where she was Queen Persephone). Human immortality was procured by ingesting her body [bread] and the blood/wine of Dionysos, Zeus' son (as in the later Christian Eucharistic Banquet). --- Greek has "one and the same": Heis kai autos; Heis kai Homios; Hen kai Homios. Hence, I coin: Homio-Heno-Poeia for the identification in question, the uni-fication of similars. {Some Christians first personified the Mind and the Breath of God [Yahweh] and then they declared that the three divine persons, equal in divinity, are ONE divine substance. The human primitive mind is never obliterated.} "Dog" Comes From a Word Meaning "Pointer" Linguistic Professors Are Too Narrow-Minded to Realize This Obvious Derivation.Anthropologists have discovered that primitive races have no real numbering system. "One" was denoted by pressing the chest with the fingernail. That is the original Indo-European meaning of our English one: onyx in Greek and un(y)a in Spanish. "Two" was denoted by pointing (digitus and deiknumi) with the natural change of the d to t. Any number over 2 was denoted by waving the hand. That is why English many is derived from the same prehistoric root as mano, "hand." The way meanings change has led to a "handful" reversing its original meaning and denoting "not so many."
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Post by joustos on Apr 24, 2021 20:31:43 GMT
"Dog" Comes From a Word Meaning "Pointer" Linguistic Professors Are Too Narrow-Minded to Realize This Obvious Derivation.Anthropologists have discovered that primitive races have no real numbering system. "One" was denoted by pressing the chest with the fingernail. That is the original Indo-European meaning of our English one: onyx in Greek and un(y)a in Spanish. "Two" was denoted by pointing (digitus and deiknumi) with the natural change of the d to t. Any number over 2 was denoted by waving the hand. That is why English many is derived from the same prehistoric root as mano, "hand." The way meanings change has led to a "handful" reversing its original meaning and denoting "not so many." "Dog" has been called one of the mysteries of the English language. I wish you had quoted the WORD from which it derives, since that word is certainly not Pointer. Its source must be either a cognate (with nearly the same sound and near meaning) or an affine word (with nearly the same sound and a suitable epithet, like "barker", "hunter", sniffer), and it is not a synonym , like the Latin Canis or a derivative like Chien, Cane, Canine, which is < [from] the Greek Ky on/Ku on (= Dog). {I underscore the long Greek vowels, namely h Eta and Omega.} Otherwise, the English existing word "Dog" may be a local Old English coinage, but I suppose that it was derived from a no longer extant Greek word which had the same root as the verb DOKeuo (= to keep an eye upon; to watch narrowly), with a K/G historical shift. As for the Gr. Onyx, Liddell-Scott says it = Claw, Hoof, Nail (in humans), and I can see that the gesture you referred to can become the equivalent of a number-name, however, it is not the source o the Indo-European "One"..... which must be a sounded word. The Gr. Hen > Lat. Un(us), Eng. One [huon], etc.
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Post by joustos on Apr 25, 2021 17:04:00 GMT
No; it's titled INDO-EUROPEAN AND ITS SPEAKERS, but I have not sent it to any publisher who was interested in reading it. The present thread was meant for discussions and for information some members may be interested in.
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Post by joustos on Apr 27, 2021 17:33:00 GMT
Page 47B Uni-fication was literally translated into ancient Greek (on Page 46) as "-heno-popeia", since Gr. Hen = one, the neutral form of the adjective "Eis, Mia, Hen" or the counting number. However, I have not found my coined term in Greek Dictionaries and is thus a suspect coinage. Going from It. "Unificare" (= To Unify") to classical Greek in the online Olivetti "Italiano-Greco Classico" Dizionario, I found "kathen poie o" that is, kat' hen (< kata hen...) So, I rather replace my coinage by "-kathenpo esis" or "-kathenpoeia" (by analogy with "Prosopopeia"). Yes, the Chinese pandemic/plague is still raging... Page 48 Not so fast.... Since the aforementioned Olvetti Dictionary does no give sources/authors of its lemmas/entries. I wandered whether Kathenpoieo is really an ancient Greek work or a modern lexicographer's concoction. I looked and did not find that word in either Liddell-Scott Greek-English Dictionary or Frisk's Greek-German Etymological Dictionary. However I was happy to discover that now there is the online Bailly Greek-French Dictionary [1935]. Here, too, Kathenpoieo is absent, but, lo and behold, it lists the word I coined, "Henopoie o" (= To Unify), and at least two sources are mentioned: Aristotle and Clement [probably the theologian of Alexandria]. // Bailly lists also the Greek verb Dokeuo (from which I derived "Dog") and stated that the verb (= To Observe) was used "d'un chien qui guelle un sanglier" (= of a dog that hunts a wild boar). So, I say: Given a country scene, a stranger who was watching and heard a Greek say, "DOKeuei..." [= it is hunting a boar], may have taken the first word or part of it) -- DOK -- as the subject of the sentence, when in fact the speaker had in mind "ho kyon dokeuei... (= the dog is hunting....) Thank you, good old Bailly!
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Post by thesageofmainstreet on Apr 27, 2021 17:38:51 GMT
"Dog" Comes From a Word Meaning "Pointer" Linguistic Professors Are Too Narrow-Minded to Realize This Obvious Derivation.Anthropologists have discovered that primitive races have no real numbering system. "One" was denoted by pressing the chest with the fingernail. That is the original Indo-European meaning of our English one: onyx in Greek and un(y)a in Spanish. "Two" was denoted by pointing (digitus and deiknumi) with the natural change of the d to t. Any number over 2 was denoted by waving the hand. That is why English many is derived from the same prehistoric root as mano, "hand." The way meanings change has led to a "handful" reversing its original meaning and denoting "not so many." "Dog" has been called one of the mysteries of the English language. I wish you had quoted the WORD from which it derives, since that word is certainly not Pointer. Its source must be either a cognate (with nearly the same sound and near meaning) or an affine word (with nearly the same sound and a suitable epithet, like "barker", "hunter", sniffer), and it is not a synonym , like the Latin Canis or a derivative like Chien, Cane, Canine, which is < [from] the Greek Ky on/Ku on (= Dog). {I underscore the long Greek vowels, namely h Eta and Omega.} Otherwise, the English existing word "Dog" may be a local Old English coinage, but I suppose that it was derived from a no longer extant Greek word which had the same root as the verb DOKeuo (= to keep an eye upon; to watch narrowly), with a K/G historical shift. As for the Gr. Onyx, Liddell-Scott says it = Claw, Hoof, Nail (in humans), and I can see that the gesture you referred to can become the equivalent of a number-name, however, it is not the source o the Indo-European "One"..... which must be a sounded word. The Gr. Hen > Lat. Un(us), Eng. One [huon], etc. PhDs Are Not Credible Authorities; They Are of the Same Ilk As Medieval Theologians
Latin digitus, "finger" logically should be derived from a work meaning "pointer." Greek deiknumi, "I show (indicate)" has the same Indo-European root. It should be easy to realize how dog fits right in with that source. Don't be blinded by academics, who are narrow-minded conformists. Canis, Kuon, and Hound come from a root meaning "hunt"; they are not about the dog's particular specialty during the hunt, which was vital to the survival of primitive tribes.
I stand by the derivation of one; your objections are too dogmatic, so I dismiss them. Also, the root of mathematics comes from manthano, "I learn." What is the first school subject learned? To count. How it is first learned? By touching the fingers of the hand. So many, mathematics, and manuscript all come from the same source.
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Post by joustos on Apr 28, 2021 0:08:49 GMT
"Dog" has been called one of the mysteries of the English language. I wish you had quoted the WORD from which it derives, since that word is certainly not Pointer. Its source must be either a cognate (with nearly the same sound and near meaning) or an affine word (with nearly the same sound and a suitable epithet, like "barker", "hunter", sniffer), and it is not a synonym , like the Latin Canis or a derivative like Chien, Cane, Canine, which is < [from] the Greek Ky on/Ku on (= Dog). {I underscore the long Greek vowels, namely h Eta and Omega.} Otherwise, the English existing word "Dog" may be a local Old English coinage, but I suppose that it was derived from a no longer extant Greek word which had the same root as the verb DOKeuo (= to keep an eye upon; to watch narrowly), with a K/G historical shift. As for the Gr. Onyx, Liddell-Scott says it = Claw, Hoof, Nail (in humans), and I can see that the gesture you referred to can become the equivalent of a number-name, however, it is not the source o the Indo-European "One"..... which must be a sounded word. The Gr. Hen > Lat. Un(us), Eng. One [huon], etc. PhDs Are Not Credible Authorities; They Are of the Same Ilk As Medieval Theologians
Latin digitus, "finger" logically should be derived from a work meaning "pointer." Greek deiknumi, "I show (indicate)" has the same Indo-European root. It should be easy to realize how dog fits right in with that source. Don't be blinded by academics, who are narrow-minded conformists. Canis, Kuon, and Hound come from a root meaning "hunt"; they are not about the dog's particular specialty during the hunt, which was vital to the survival of primitive tribes.
I stand by the derivation of one; your objections are too dogmatic, so I dismiss them. Also, the root of mathematics comes from manthano, "I learn." What is the first school subject learned? To count. How it is first learned? By touching the fingers of the hand. So many, mathematics, and manuscript all come from the same source.
Any etymology (derivation) I present is my own; it is not copied from the works [good or bad] of others. I do not accept your derivations because you do not deal with spoken [sounded] languages; you proceed on the basis of Meanings/Concepts. For example, since we have and use a "pointing finger" -- to show or point to something -- you assume that Lat. Digitus (Finger) has the same root as the Gr. Deiknumi (To Show, Indicate, Point to). Let me explain: Lat. Digitus = & < Gr. Daktylos. which has nothing to do with Gr. Deiknumi. (What we call the Pointing Finger (Lat. Index) was, for the Greeks,The Licking Finger. The verb you mentioned is actually the basis of Lat. Dico = To say, point to, denote, indicate. // Your other wrong procedure is evident in MANthano, MANy, and MANuscript: MAN-is not the etymon (meaningful term; "hand") of those words. Looks are deceiving. Furthermore, "mathematics" is < Gr. Mathemata [< Manthano"] and meant "learnings" before it was used only for mathematical matters, namely geometry, astronomy, music theory, and -- still in the Pythagorean curriculum -- health theory. (Arithmetic -- the science of numbers --was added much later.) Anyway, you did not include Eng."Man" in that list since you instinctly recognised the difference between Man and the "man-" in MANUscript [hand-written].
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Post by joustos on Apr 28, 2021 16:33:52 GMT
Page 49 About the English word, ONE. Mr.Sageofhemaistreet, I will grant you that I am not a sage, but insist on my critical analysis of your derivation of "One". This word, like any other word (in any language) consists of a meaningful SOUND, and any sound cannot be derived from a gesture or any (seen) movement or anything visual in nature; it can derive only from a sound. So, to begin with, the written ONe cannot be said to derive from ONyx. Then, ONE (which sounds like "wON") cannot be from the word Onyx (in the sense of "nail") by the fact that some humans used a nail in a gesture that signified the concept "one". For any valid derivation, a person (an etymologist) must remain witnin the same perceptual domain [auditory, visual, or otherwise]: sound from sound, picture from picture, god from god (deum de deo, as they say in the Latin Creed, of which I was just reminded, even though gods are not perceptible). Let me repeat my law of derivation: If a word exists by derivation (rather than by either borrowing or by aboriginal formation/coinage), then the source and the derivative must belong to the same perceptual domain. Similarly, for example, a painting of mine cannot be derived from a symphony or from sounds of nature. According to the online Etymological Dictionary, the Modern English word ONE is derived immediately from the Anglo-Saxon (Old English) AN, but unfortunately it does not explain how the spelling "O-N-E" came about, while the sound of "ONE" is no longer "AN" [presumably "Ah-N"]. In my treatment of ONE, I pointed out that the word could be spelled "huan" (or, if you prefer, "hwan), where the H is, as in Latin, a hard aspiration, which is the same as the Greek diacritical mark that look like a tiny C (placed above some letters that are so aspirated). ("Water" could be spelled "huater" or "hwoter.) What I claimed was: Gr. Hen > Lat. Un- as well as Eng. One [actually AN to begin with]. These words are certainly cognate, that is, very similar in sound and very similar in meaning. The contention that the Greek word is the source or basis of all the others requires an act of faith, that the Greek language is older than all the others -- partially evinced by the antiquity of the written Greek language.
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Post by thesageofmainstreet on Apr 29, 2021 19:18:13 GMT
Page 49 About the English word, ONE. Mr.Sageofhemaistreet, I will grant you that I am not a sage, but insist on my critical analysis of your derivation of "One". This word, like any other word (in any language) consists of a meaningful SOUND, and any sound cannot be derived from a gesture or any (seen) movement or anything visual in nature; it can derive only from a sound. So, to begin with, the written ONe cannot be said to derive from ONyx. Then, ONE (which sounds like "wON") cannot be from the word Onyx (in the sense of "nail") by the fact that some humans used a nail in a gesture that signified the concept "one". For any valid derivation, a person (an etymologist) must remain witnin the same perceptual domain [auditory, visual, or otherwise]: sound from sound, picture from picture, god from god ( deum de deo, as they say in the Latin Creed, of which I was just reminded, even though gods are not perceptible). Let me repeat my law of derivation: If a word exists by derivation (rather than by either borrowing or by aboriginal formation/coinage), then the source and the derivative must belong to the same perceptual domain. Similarly, for example, a painting of mine cannot be derived from a symphony or from sounds of nature. According to the online Etymological Dictionary, the Modern English word ONE is derived immediately from the Anglo-Saxon (Old English) AN, but unfortunately it does not explain how the spelling "O-N-E" came about, while the sound of "ONE" is no longer "AN" [presumably "Ah-N"]. In my treatment of ONE, I pointed out that the word could be spelled "huan" (or, if you prefer, "hwan), where the H is, as in Latin, a hard aspiration, which is the same as the Greek diacritical mark that look like a tiny C (placed above some letters that are so aspirated). ("Water" could be spelled "huater" or "hwoter.) What I claimed was: Gr. Hen > Lat. Un- as well as Eng. One [actually AN to begin with]. These words are certainly cognate, that is, very similar in sound and very similar in meaning. The contention that the Greek word is the source or basis of all the others requires an act of faith, that the Greek language is older than all the others -- partially evinced by the antiquity of the written Greek language. Conformity Is Deformity. You Are Debating Behind a Stone Wall.The gesture was described by a sound, so your objection doesn't make any sense. So "fingernail" came to be used for the number one, just as "moon" came to be used for month. Your objection is as unrealistic as claiming that a time period cannot be described by a physical object. Spanish "dos" "dedo" are cognate with "toe, to, two, too, and that," with the normal change of d to t. I'll bait your conformist outrage at one more derivation derived from what primitive language-speakers found most striking about an object. "Moon" is the only object that seems to get smaller until it re-appears as full and starts getting smaller again. So "moon" is cognate with "minus."
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