Post by Διαμονδ on Jan 5, 2018 20:43:34 GMT
The Pit–Comb Ware culture or Comb Ceramic culture was a northeast European culture of Pit–Comb Ware-making hunter-gatherers. It existed from around 4200 BCE to around 2000 BCE. The name is derived from the most common type of decoration on its ceramics, which looks like the imprints of a comb!
Distribution:
The distribution of the artifacts found includes Finnmark (Norway) in the north, the Kalix River (Sweden) and the Gulf of Bothnia (Finland) in the west and the Vistula River (Poland) in the south. In the east the Comb Ceramic pottery of northern Eurasia extends beyond the Ural mountains to the Baraba steppe adjacent to the Altai-Sayan mountain range, merging with a continuum of similar ceramic styles. It would include the Narva culture of Estonia and the Sperrings culture in Finland, among others. They are thought to have been essentially hunter-gatherers, though e.g. the Narva culture in Estonia shows some evidence of agriculture. Some of this region was absorbed by the later Corded Ware horizon.
Comb Ceramic was not limited in Europe, being widely distributed in the Baltic, Finland, the Volga upstream flow, south Siberia, Lake Baikal, Mongolian Plateau, Liaodong Peninsula and the Korean Peninsula. The oldest ones have been discovered from the remains of Liao civilization - xinglongwa culture (BC 6200 - 5400 BC) -.
Language:
According to Mallory and Adams, as writing in 1997, previously, the dominant view was that the spread of the Comb Ware people was correlated with the diffusion of the Uralic languages, and thus an early Uralic language must have been spoken throughout this culture. However, another more recent view is that the Comb Ware people may have spoken a Paleo-European (pre-Uralic) language, as some toponyms and hydronyms also indicate a non-Uralic, non-Indo-European language at work in some areas. Even then, linguists and archaeologists both have also been skeptical of assigning languages based on the borders of cultural complexes, and it's possible that the Pit-Comb Ware Culture was made up of several languages, one of them being Proto-Uralic.
However, recent analysis of ancient DNA suggests that the carrier of the Comb Ware was Uralic peoples. Mazurkevich et al.(2014)confirmed the presence of haplogroup N1a1 (Y-DNA), which characterizes Uralic peoples, in the Pit–Comb Ware culture with a sample from the Late Neolithic site (dating from the middle of 3rd millennium BCE) of Serteya II in the Smolensk region of Russia, near the Belarussian border. The oldest Comb Ceramic is found in the remains of Liao civilization - xinglongwa culture (BC 6200 - 5400 BC) -. And, in recent genetic analysis of ancient human bones excavated from the remains of Liao civilization (Hongshan culture etc.), haplogroup N1 (Y-DNA) was found with high frequency of 60-100%. So it is considered that Uralic peoples migrated from northeastern China to Europe through Siberia with Pit-Comb Ware culture.
Anthropological type
:
The population that is the bearer of the culture of the pit-comb-like ceramics could be formed on the basis of the same Mesolithic Europoid stratum, but with a greater weight of the Mongoloid component than the population of the Volosovo, Dnepro-Donets and Narva cultures. In particular, the creators of the Bialilov culture, -rebellum ceramics, were Caucasoids with a strong admixture of Mongoloid (northern laponoid type).
Paleogenetics:
The archaic Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a5-YP1272 and mitochondrial haplogroups U5b1d1, U4a, U2e1 are determined in the representatives of the culture of comb ceramics from the location of Kudruküla in Estonia. Mitochondrial haplogroup H2 and Y-chromosome haplogroups R1a1 and N1c were determined in the samples from the burial of Sertea II of the late-Neolithic archeological culture of Smolensk(Russia)(mid-3rd millennium BC).
Distribution:
The distribution of the artifacts found includes Finnmark (Norway) in the north, the Kalix River (Sweden) and the Gulf of Bothnia (Finland) in the west and the Vistula River (Poland) in the south. In the east the Comb Ceramic pottery of northern Eurasia extends beyond the Ural mountains to the Baraba steppe adjacent to the Altai-Sayan mountain range, merging with a continuum of similar ceramic styles. It would include the Narva culture of Estonia and the Sperrings culture in Finland, among others. They are thought to have been essentially hunter-gatherers, though e.g. the Narva culture in Estonia shows some evidence of agriculture. Some of this region was absorbed by the later Corded Ware horizon.
Comb Ceramic was not limited in Europe, being widely distributed in the Baltic, Finland, the Volga upstream flow, south Siberia, Lake Baikal, Mongolian Plateau, Liaodong Peninsula and the Korean Peninsula. The oldest ones have been discovered from the remains of Liao civilization - xinglongwa culture (BC 6200 - 5400 BC) -.
Language:
According to Mallory and Adams, as writing in 1997, previously, the dominant view was that the spread of the Comb Ware people was correlated with the diffusion of the Uralic languages, and thus an early Uralic language must have been spoken throughout this culture. However, another more recent view is that the Comb Ware people may have spoken a Paleo-European (pre-Uralic) language, as some toponyms and hydronyms also indicate a non-Uralic, non-Indo-European language at work in some areas. Even then, linguists and archaeologists both have also been skeptical of assigning languages based on the borders of cultural complexes, and it's possible that the Pit-Comb Ware Culture was made up of several languages, one of them being Proto-Uralic.
However, recent analysis of ancient DNA suggests that the carrier of the Comb Ware was Uralic peoples. Mazurkevich et al.(2014)confirmed the presence of haplogroup N1a1 (Y-DNA), which characterizes Uralic peoples, in the Pit–Comb Ware culture with a sample from the Late Neolithic site (dating from the middle of 3rd millennium BCE) of Serteya II in the Smolensk region of Russia, near the Belarussian border. The oldest Comb Ceramic is found in the remains of Liao civilization - xinglongwa culture (BC 6200 - 5400 BC) -. And, in recent genetic analysis of ancient human bones excavated from the remains of Liao civilization (Hongshan culture etc.), haplogroup N1 (Y-DNA) was found with high frequency of 60-100%. So it is considered that Uralic peoples migrated from northeastern China to Europe through Siberia with Pit-Comb Ware culture.
Anthropological type
:
The population that is the bearer of the culture of the pit-comb-like ceramics could be formed on the basis of the same Mesolithic Europoid stratum, but with a greater weight of the Mongoloid component than the population of the Volosovo, Dnepro-Donets and Narva cultures. In particular, the creators of the Bialilov culture, -rebellum ceramics, were Caucasoids with a strong admixture of Mongoloid (northern laponoid type).
Paleogenetics:
The archaic Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a5-YP1272 and mitochondrial haplogroups U5b1d1, U4a, U2e1 are determined in the representatives of the culture of comb ceramics from the location of Kudruküla in Estonia. Mitochondrial haplogroup H2 and Y-chromosome haplogroups R1a1 and N1c were determined in the samples from the burial of Sertea II of the late-Neolithic archeological culture of Smolensk(Russia)(mid-3rd millennium BC).